In simple terms, lighting up an LED is calculated by multiplying the horizontal axis (positive electrode) by the vertical axis (cathode). Therefore, a 16x16 panel only requires 32 lines. For example, to control a pixel with x=6 and y=8, you only need to assign specific values to two of the 32 lines within one refresh cycle, using capacitors to maintain the state until the next refresh cycle. This isn't particularly sophisticated; a CRT cathode ray tube only needs two sets of lines (black and white). This means that only one point on the screen is hit at any given time, and the entire image is captured through scanning. Changing the color simply involves adjusting the brightness values of the three RGB elements. Therefore, a 16x16 panel is actually 16x3x16, requiring 48+16 lines for control. The reality is much more complex... There's a slow-motion video showing an outdoor LED screen using a similar simple scanning drive method, lighting up only one row of LEDs at a time, which flashes continuously.